Which of the following qualifies as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

Intellectual disabilities are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders because they originate during the developmental period, typically before the age of 18, and are characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning as well as adaptive behavior. This includes practical, social, and conceptual skills necessary for daily living. Neurodevelopmental disorders generally impact the development of the nervous system and can affect cognitive, emotional, and physical functioning.

In contrast, chronic anxiety disorders and substance use disorders occur in response to environmental stressors, life experiences, or substance use, and are not rooted in the developmental context characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders. Eating disorders, while they also present developmental aspects, primarily relate to psychological and sociocultural factors rather than the neurological development issues that define neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, intellectual disabilities stand out as the only option that fits the criteria for neurodevelopmental disorders.